Routing Facts and how routers choose the paths.

A router is a device that sends packets from one network to another network. Routers receive packets, read their headers to find addressing information, and send them on to their correct destination on the network or Internet. Routers can forward packets through an internetwork by maintaining routing information in a database called a routing table. The routing table typically contains the address of all known networks and routing information about that network such as:

1. Interface
2. Routing Path
3. Next Hop
4. Route Metric (Cost)
5. Route Timeout

What is the purpose of Mail exchanger record (MX) in DNS ?

Ans:The MX resource record specifies a mail exchange server for a DNS domain name. The information is used by Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) to route emails to proper hosts. Typically, there are more than one mail exchange server for a DNS domain and each of them have set priority.

What is Host Information records (HINFO) in DNS ?

Ans : HINFO records are used to acquire general information about a host. The record specifies type of CPU and OS. The HINFO record data provides the possibility to use operating system specific protocols when two hosts want to communicate. For security reasons the HINFO records are not typically used on public servers.

What is Data Encapsulation and how it works ?

Encapsulation is the process of breaking a message into packets, adding control and other information, and transmitting the message through the transmission media. You need to know the following five-step data encapsulation process:

1. Upper layers prepare the data to be sent through the network.
2. The Transport layer breaks the data into pieces called segments, adding sequencing and control information.
3. The Network layer converts the segments into packets, adding logical network and device addresses.
4. The Data Link layer converts the packets into frames, adding physical device addressing information.
5. The Physical layer converts the frames into bits for transmission across the transmission media.

The following short descriptions can help you remember the steps of the data encapsulation process:

1. Upper layers--data
2. Transport layer--segments
3. Network layer--packets containing logical addresses
4. Data Link layer--framing that adds physical addresses
5. Physical layer--bits

CCNA Interview Questions - Part-3

1. What type of information is stored in the routing table?
2. What is convergence?
3. What is the function of a routing protocol?
4. A computer needs to send a message to another computer on the same network. What MAC
address would go into the destination portion of the frame?
5. A computer needs to send a message to another computer on a different network. What
MAC address would go into the destination portion of the frame?
6. As a packet moves from device to device through an internetwork, do the Network layer
addresses change or remain the same?

How to make a Pen drive Bootable :

How to make a Pen drive Bootable :

There are many ways to make a Pen Drive bootable. By using Software –like Power  ISO, Magic ISO,  Microsoft USB  bootable Software and By using   cmd  interface.

I am going to show you how to use Power ISO software to make a pen drive bootable for various OS

1.     1.  Open PowerIso  Software

2 2.  Select Tools – Create Bootable USB drive

d

3  Give the source image file  and select the start button. It will take 5 to 7 minutes to make bootable drive. 

Enjoy.

What Is NTFS And Used for ?

NTFS is the recommended file system for Windows Operating systems because it provides a higher level of security and enables file
compression. Use NTFS for partitions that require:

• File and folder level security. You can control access to files and folders.
• File compression. You can compress files to create more storage space.
• Disk quotas. You can control disk usage on a per-user basis.
• File encryption. You can transparently encrypt file data.

Frequently asked questions about DNS ( Domain Name System )

DNS (Domain Name System): frequently asked questions
Here are answers to some common questions about DNS.

1. What is DNS (Domain Name System)?

Ans :Websites have both a "friendly" address, called a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) and an IP address. People use URLs to find websites, but computers use IP addresses to find websites. DNS translates URLs into IP addresses (and vice versa). For example, if you type http://www.microsoft.com into the address bar in your web browser, your computer sends a request to a DNS server. The DNS server translates the URL into an IP address so that your computer can find the Microsoft web server.

2. What is the last part of a URL?

Ans :The last part of a URL is called a top-level domain name (TLD). TLDs identify different types of websites. Here are some common TLDs and what they stand for:

Top-level domain         Stands for

.com                commercial (business) site

.net                Internet administrative site

.org                nonprofit organization

.gov                government agency

.edu                educational institution

In addition to the TLDs listed above, individual countries or regions have their own TLDs. For example, .in is the TLD for India.

3. What is DNS dynamic update?

Ans: Some computers are given a different IP address each time they connect to the Internet. An Internet service provider (ISP) can use a few IP addresses to serve many customers that way, but it means that your computer's "address" on the Internet is always changing. If you host a website, you don't want the website name to change, even if your ISP changes the IP address. DNS dynamic update automatically maintains the relationship between your fixed website name and the changing IP address so that your website is easy to find on the Internet.

4. How do I look up a DNS name or IP address?

Ans :You must be connected to the Internet to look up a DNS name or IP address.

    Open the Command Prompt
    At the command prompt, type nslookup, a space, and the IP address or domain name (for example, nslookup microsoft.com), and then press ENTER.

5.  What is the DNS cache?

Ans: When you type a web address into your web browser and press ENTER, you are sending a query to a DNS server. If the query is successful, the website you want opens; if not, you'll see an error message. A record of these successful and unsuccessful queries is stored in a temporary storage location on your computer called the DNS cache. DNS always checks the cache before querying any DNS server, and if a record is found that matches the query, DNS uses that record instead of querying the server. This makes queries faster and decreases network and Internet traffic.
How can I see the contents of the DNS cache?

    Open the Command Prompt

    At the command prompt,
    type ipconfig /displaydns.

6.How can I clear the DNS cache?

Ans: Clearing the DNS cache forces DNS to query a DNS server rather than using information stored in the cache. You might want to clear the DNS cache if you are moving and changing websites, or if you are receiving repeated errors when you know the web address you are typing is correct.

        Open the Command Prompt
        At the command prompt,
    type ipconfig /flushdns.

CCNA interview Questions Part-2 ( TCP/IP Model )

  A fresher Candidate should prepare these questions for networking .  
1.  How does the DOD model correspond to the OSI model?
2.  Which TCP/IP protocols allow for copying and moving     files?
3.  What does the Telnet protocol allow you to do?
4.  Which protocol includes a set of messages that     controls how data moves through a network?
5.  What is the role of the sub net mask?
6.  What is the default address class of the IP address     132.11.166.5?
7.  What three address ranges are used for private IP     addresses?
8.  What is the broadcast address of network     132.11.0.0?

What Is Private Clouds ?

Private clouds are cloud infrastructure that is dedicated to a single organization.

 Private clouds may be hosted by the organization itself, or may be hosted by a cloud services provider who ensures that the cloud services are not shared with any other organization.

Private clouds are more than large-scale hypervisor deployments; they can use the Microsoft System Center 2012 management suite, which makes it possible to provide self-service delivery of services and applications.

 For example, in an organization that has its own private cloud, it would be possible for users to use a self-service portal to request multitier applications including web server, database server, and storage components.

 Windows Server 2012 and the components of the System Center 2012 suite are configured in such a way that this service request can be processed automatically, without requiring the manual deployment of virtual machines and database server software.

What is Public Clouds ?

A public cloud is a cloud service that is hosted by a cloud services provider, and is made available for public use. A public cloud may host a single tenant, or it might host tenants from multiple organizations.

As such, public cloud security is not as strong as private cloud security, but public cloud hosting typically costs less because multiple tenants absorb costs.

CCNA - Interview Questions (Part-1)

Following are the questions asked by the interviewer to fresher candidates. Answers will be published in next blog. Just Go through these Questions and prepare yourself.
 1. What is the OSI model and why is it important in understanding networking?
 2. How does the third OSI model layer relate to administering routers?
 3.Which OSI model layer is concerned with MAC addresses?
 4. What protocols correspond to the Presentation and Session layers?
 5. What is the difference between the TCP and UDP protocols?
 6. What is the EIA/TIA 232 protocol concerned with?

Role of A Desktop Support Engineer

Role Of A Desktop Support Engineer

            It has been observed that sometimes  Candidates  are unable to explain the roles of a desktop engineer. Following are the some points which we can put for the roles of Desktop Engineer.

• Install, upgrade, support and troubleshoot XP, Windows 7 and windows 8 and Microsoft Office 2007 /2010 and any  other authorized desktop applications

• Install, upgrade, support and troubleshoot for printers, computer hardware and any

other authorized peripheral equipment

•Performs general preventative maintenance tasks on computers, laptops, printers

and any other authorized peripheral equipment

•Performs remedial  repairs  on  computers, laptops, printers and any other authorized

peripheral equipment

• Customize desktop hardware to meet user specifications and site standards

• Performs work in compliance within specified  warranty requirements

• Returns defective  equipment /parts to maintenance inventory, documents customer

repairs, maintains and restocks assigned parts inventory to insure proper spare parts

levels

• Safely package equipment for branches and arrange for the transport of the  equipment

Candidate Profile

·         MCSA or working towards a MCSA

·         Very good understanding of TCP/IP

·         Experience of supporting a Windows environment

·         Excellent knowledge of MS Office Suite

·         Excellent telephone manner and good quality of written and verbal communications

·         Strong organization and time management skills

·         Capable of quickly building rapport with a diverse mix of people

·         A keen interest in personal development through training and self study

·         Calm and approachable, remaining so under pressure

·         Great team working skills, eager to offer assistance yet equally kee

·         n to accept advice and critique

·         Keen to take on extra roles and responsibilities as needed

·         Able to work irregular hours as required