What is "Setup Mode" on Router ?

What is "Setup Mode" on Router ?
If the router is brand new, it has no startup-config file. Therefore, when it boots, it immediately enters Setup mode.
Setup mode is a special, guided routine that asks you a series of questions and uses your responses to make basic configuration entries.
There are two ways to enter setup mode:

•  Boot the router without the startup-config file. This happens when you erase the current startup-config file, or when you boot a new router.

•  Use the setup command from privileged mode.

You can exit setup mode without answering all the questions by pressing Ctrl + C.
The information you've entered to that point will not be saved.

Cisco routers and switches come with the following defaults:

•  No set passwords. During setup mode, passwords are created.

•  All router interfaces are in shutdown mode until they are enabled.

•  All switch interfaces are enabled and ready to forward packets.

Active Directory ( Some Questions and Answer ) ?

        Active Directory
1.    What is Active Directory?
2.    What is a Domain Controller?
3.    What is a Domain?
4.    What is a Server Role?
5.    What is DNS?

 What is Active Directory ? 
 Answer :

•  Active Directory is the Brain of a Windows Server Network.
•  It’s a database that keeps track of a huge amount of stuff and gives us a  centralized way to manage all our network machines, users, and resources.Such as 

•     Users and Groups
•     Services (i.e. Email, etc.)
•     Resources (Printers, Shared Folders, etc. )

What is Domain Controller ?  Answer :

•      A Domain Controller is a Windows Server Machine that runs Active Directory Domain Services.
•    Think of it as the Boss of your network.
•   You may have multiple Domain Controllers that all have copies of the same Active  Directory  database.

What is a Domain?
Answer:

•  A Windows Server domain is a logical group of computers running versions of the Microsoft Windows operating system that share a central directory database.
•  The machines are all named with part of a Domain name like india.local (also called a “suffix”) and are registered in the Active Directory Database so they can be managed.               Big word: “Namespace”
• Users are also part of the “namespace.”
• Example: Your email address is part of a domain namespace:– moin@india.local
• Note: Email-like logins are also called “User Principle Names” when used to log into a Server 2008 network.

What is a Server Role?
Answer:

• A Server Role is a major job that a Server can perform.
• It’s recommended that a Server not have too many Roles Everybody needs a job—even servers!
• A Domain Controller usually has only two Roles:

                             •Active Directory Domain Services

                              •DNS
What is DNS?
Answer:

• DNS is a service provided by a Server that allows you to find other computers in your network.
• DNS allows you to type in a friendly name of a machine instead of its IP Address, allowing your client  to get the IP address from the DNS server and go find  the resource.
• Without DNS, Active Directory will not work.
• It is recommended that you integrate  DNS with Active Directory to make your IT life easier.  

Hope These will help to understand Active directory who are new to Active Directory.
Enjoy Active Directory.

Booting Process OF a Router.

        It is often asked in interview " Tell the  booting process OF A router ." So following are the steps we should follow .
When you turn the router on, it runs through the following boot process.
1. The Power-On Self Test (POST) checks the router's hardware. When the POST completessuccessfully, the System OK LED indicator comes on.
2. The router checks the configuration register to identify where to load the IOS image from.
A setting of 0x2102 means that the router will use information in the startup-config file to locate the IOS image. If the startup-config file is missing or does not specify a location, it will check the following locations for the IOS image:
    1. Flash (the default location)
    2. TFTP server
    3. ROM (used if no other source is found)
3. The router loads the configuration file into RAM (which configures the router). The router can load a configuration file from:
    1. NVRAM (startup-configuration file)
    2. TFTP server
    3. If a configuration file is not found, the router starts in setup mode.

Anyone can find the  answers of the following questions from the above process

1.     If the router can't find an IOS image in flash, where will it look next?
2.     What happens if the router can't find a configuration file at startup?
3.     What is the role of the configuration register?
4.     What configuration register value tells the router to skip the startup-config file?

Enjoy the questions

Benefits Of Microsoft Certification ( MCP, MCSA,MCSE etc )

There are 8 million IT jobs around the world today. The number of IT job postings in the cloud computing industry is growing so rapidly that there aren’t enough qualified workers available to fill the positions, according to an analysis of hiring trends by Wanted Analytics.

IDC research projects that, for cloud computing, availability of skilled IT workers will be a persistent and pervasive challenge—there is no area of the IT organization that will be unaffected by a transition to cloud computing.

We’re here to help put your resume on the top of the pile for IT jobs. Use the handy tool below to view some job listings around the world. If you are a Microsoft Certified Professional (MCP), access the MCP member site to view a list of job opportunities filtered specifically for MCPs.

If you’re thinking of getting certified as part of your IT job search but wondering whether it’s worth the effort, have a look at what IT professionals who have earned a variety of Microsoft Certifications have to say

 Source : http://www.microsoft.com/learning/en-us/explore-jobs.aspx

Benebenefits of subnetting

1. We conserved IP addresses by assigning less hosts per sub net.
2. We get smaller collision domains — the collisions happened in one sub net won’t effect other sub nets.
3. We get smaller broadcast domains — the broadcast from one subnet won’t propagate to other sub nets.
4. We can more easily apply network security measures at the interconnections between subnets than throughout the entire network.
5. We can easily map sub nets to geographical or functional requirements to a cooperation. For example, we give a sub net to market department, another to engineer department, so that each department is responsible for their own network.
6. It reduces the routing table .
7. It control ip traffic and performance increased.

CCNA Certification Benefits and Tips for Becoming Certified

The CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate) represents a beginner-level certification offered by Cisco that focuses on building a foundation in networking using Cisco technologies and products. The CCNA certification is suitable for individuals who want to build a solid, stable career in networking domain using Cisco products.

Although the CCNA certification is only a beginner-level certification, it still attracts a series of benefits for the certification holder: validates one's specific technical skills, considerably increasing the possessor's professional credibility - persons who have obtained the CCNA certification have better prospects of occupying stable job positions inside renowned, reputed IT companies; is an indicator of expertise in working with networks that have fewer than 100 nodes - validates one's ability to work in small and medium sized businesses and organizations that use less extensive networks; represents a prerequisite for obtaining higher level Cisco certifications - individuals who are interested in obtaining a professional or expert level in the Cisco Career Certification tracks need to obtain the CCNA certification first.

Individuals who have obtained the CCNA certification have proved good skills and experience in installing, configuring and operating LAN, WAN and dial access services for networks that have fewer than 100 nodes; using IP, EIGRP, OSPF , Serial, Frame Relay, VLANs, RIP, IP RIP, Access Lists and Ethernet network protocols; installing and configuring various Cisco switches and routers in internetworks which use multiple protocols and have LAN and WAN interfaces; ensuring network performance and security; providing beginner level network troubleshooting services.

Windows Server 2012 Editions and Their Functionality .

                                                               

Windows Server 2012 Editions and Their Functionality

Windows Server 2012 comes with many editions. These editions allow organizations to select a version of Windows Server 2012 that best meets their needs, rather than pay for features they do not require.

When deploying a server for a specific role, systems administrators can save substantially by selecting the appropriate edition

The following table lists the Windows Server 2012 editions.

1. The Windows Server 2012 Standard operating system :

            Provides all roles and features available on the Windows Server 2012 platform. Supports up to 64 sockets and up to 4 terabytes (TB) of random access memory (RAM). Includes two virtual machine licenses.

2. The Windows Server 2012 Datacenter operating system :

            Provides all roles and features that are available on the Windows Server 2012 platform. Includes unlimited virtual machine licenses for virtual machines that are run on the same hardware. Supports 64 sockets, up to 640 processor cores, and up to 4 TB of RAM.

3. The Windows Server 2012 Foundation operating system :

            Designed for small business owners, allows only 15 users, cannot be joined to a domain, and includes limited server roles. Supports one processor core and up to 32 gigabytes (GB) of RAM.

4. The Windows Server 2012 Essentials operating system :

            Next edition of Small Business Server. Must be root server in domain. It cannot function as a Hyper-V®, Failover Clustering, Server Core, or Remote Desktop Services server. It has limits for 25 users and 50 devices. Supports two processor cores and 64 GB of RAM.

5. Microsoft Hyper-V Server 2012 :

            Stand-alone Hyper-V platform for virtual machines with no UI. No licensing cost (free) for host operating system, but virtual machines are licensed normally. Supports 64 sockets and 4 TB of RAM. Supports domain join. Does not support other Windows Server 2012 roles other than limited file services features.

6. The Windows Storage Server°2012 Workgroup operating system :

            Entry-level unified storage appliance. Limited to 50 users, one processor core, 32 GB of RAM. Supports domain join.

7. The Windows Storage Server 2012 Standard operating system:

            Supports 64 sockets, but is licensed on a two-socket incrementing basis. Supports 4 TB of RAM. Includes two virtual machine licenses.Supports domain join. Supports some roles including DNS and DHCP Server roles, but does not support others including Active Directory® Domain Services (AD DS), Active Directory Certificate Services (AD CS), and Active Directory Federation Services (AD FS).

8. The Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Standard operating system:

            Supports multiple users accessing the same host computer directly using separate mouse, keyboard, and monitors. Limited to one socket, 32 GB of RAM, and a maximum of 12 sessions. Supports some roles including DNS and DHCP Server roles, but does not support others including AD DS, AD CS, and AD FS. Does not support domain join.

9. The Windows MultiPoint Server 2012 Premium operating system:

            Supports multiple users accessing the same host computer directly using separate mouse, keyboard, and monitors. Limited to two sockets, 4 TB of RAM, and a maximum of 22 sessions. Supports some roles including DNS and DHCP Server roles, but does not support others including AD DS, AD CS, and AD FS. Supports domain join.

  Understanding the 2012 server is very important for IT Administrator to secure network. Let start to learn 2012 server.